Thursday, 18 December 2014
Monday, 15 December 2014
The origins of Japan's hot springs
NAOKO KUBOTA, Nikkei senior staff writer
Chikanobu Yoshu's "Ikaho Onsen Hanei no Zu," date unknown, shows a luxurious hot spring in what is now Gunma Prefecture. © Courtesy of the University of Tokyo's General Library
TOKYO -- Ukiyoe, woodblock prints, are like windows into the Japan of years gone by. They also provide a peek at the beginnings and development of a business that continues to thrive today -- onsen, volcanic hot-spring resorts. Some 3,000 such places dot the country.
Let us start our trip back in time with a print called "Ikaho Onsen Hanei no Zu" (A Picture of Thriving Ikaho Hot Spring). It depicts a resort bath in what is now Gunma Prefecture, northwest of Tokyo. Chikanobu Yoshu, a Meiji-era (1868-1912) woodblock artist famous for pictures of beautiful women, presents a scene of ladies bathing in cascading hot water, while others cool off in the mountain air. If it makes the place look tempting, that was its intention. It was produced as an advertisement for inns in the hot-spring town of Ikaho.
The upper-left corner of the print lists the benefits of the town's baths. It says they are effective for relieving women's diseases, rheumatism, nervous disorders and paralysis, among other ailments. It claims they can even revive dying plants, and that goldfish and carp raised in the hot springs grow nice and plump. This is why a woman on the lower right holds a stem of a blooming peony, while well-rounded goldfish swim in a tank in front of her.
Some inns really did keep carp prior to World War II, a local tourist guide said. "They were called yukoi (hot-water carp)," explained 84-year-old Seiji Tominaga, who has served as a guide for 14 years while running a sundry store. Tominaga added that one particular inn kept cranes in its steaming pond. "The onsen inns of Ikaho in those days were extravagant," he said.
Climb the stone steps in the heart of Ikaho and you can see hot water streaming down from the mountains. It was not until the Edo period (1603-1867) that the onsen tradition became popular among ordinary people. Over time, a system was developed to distribute the water to bathing facilities lining the steps, while strictly controlling the amount of water. The piping was equipped with mechanisms so that, when a bathhouse reached its quota, the water would be redirected back to the main artery.
Geological issues
Japan's onsen eventually attracted overseas visitors as well, as shown in Utagawa Hiroshige III's "Kozukenokuni Ikaho Onsen Hanei no Zu" (A Picture of Thriving Ikaho Hot Spring in Kozuke Province) -- Kozuke being an area encompassed by modern Gunma. Erwin Baelz, a German doctor who stayed in the country during the Meiji era, made plans to build large spas in the hot-spring towns of Hakone, Kanagawa Prefecture, just southwest of Tokyo, and Kusatsu, Gunma Prefecture. Baelz preached the importance of balneotherapy, treating disease through bathing.
But the story of onsen is not merely one of beauty, health and relaxation. The collection that includes Hiroshige III's print, held by the University of Tokyo's library, consists mostly of disaster pictures.
The collection includes prints of catfish -- legend had it that giant catfish lived underground and caused earthquakes. Prints typically show people beating them out of revenge. Other prints show eruptions of Mount Bandai and Mount Asama, along with massive tsunamis hitting the Hokuriku region on Japan's main island. Also included are reports of an Edo period earthquake and a major quake that struck Tokyo in 1923. There are also prints of various onsen.
The materials serve as a reminder that the geology which creates Japan's hot-spring water is a mixed blessing.
Diaries, guidebooks, travel notes and topographies from the Edo period reveal the wide variety of onsen visitors in those days, including writers, Confucianists and officials of feudal clans. But ukiyoe prints of onsen are strangely limited geographically, depicting resorts in eastern Japan, such as Ikaho and Hakone, but few hot springs in the country's west.
Mitsunobu Sato, director of the Ukiyo-e Tokyo art museum, explained: "While woodblock print artists in western Japan focused on portraits of Kabuki actors, their counterparts in eastern Japan preferred to render manners and customs."
At any rate, at least until the middle of the Edo period, onsen were used primarily for treating illnesses and injuries, according to "Edo no Onsengaku" (Balneology in the Edo Period), a 2007 book by Tadanori Matsuda. Individuals would stay for a minimum of a week at spas, and sometimes for up to three or four weeks.
Some old guidebooks on hot springs list the do's and don'ts of bathing. They call customers who go in the water several times a day "greedy" and urge readers not to bathe early in the morning, when hungry, as well as not to drink alcohol and not to allow yourself to be consumed by lust. Onsen were taken very seriously back then, whereas today they are simply places to go and relax.
"Nanayu no Shiori," a guidebook on seven Hakone spas, maintained the no-nonsense approach when it was published in 1811. It reminds readers that hot springs are "not places to go and entertain yourself," said Yusuke Nosaka, chief curator at the Hakone Local Museum.
However, around the time "Nanayu no Shiori" came out, the hot-spring tradition was already shifting. Another book, "Hakone Onsenshi" (The History of Hakone Hot Springs), hints at how baths became mainstream tourist destinations.
From therapy to tourism
The seven Hakone spas were established around the same time as the Tokaido road. The route connecting Edo -- the old name for Tokyo -- and Kyoto was Japan's busiest and most important route. A practice of lugging hot-spring water along the road to Edo Castle began in 1644.
Each year, the Edo government chose a hot spring and dispatched a magistrate to one of its inns. Two barrels of the chosen water were sent to the capital daily. It was forbidden to let the sealed casks touch the ground until they arrived at the castle.
The procession along the Tokaido road carrying barrels for the shogun raised Hakone's profile as a spa town, prompting people to try it themselves. An 1805 government decision effectively ended the tradition of long-term onsen therapy.
Odawara inns, in what is now Kanagawa Prefecture, had lost customers to rivals in nearby Hakone, which allowed shorter stays. They pleaded with the government to clamp down on this, but it refused. After that, competition intensified.
A comic novel published in 1844 tells the story of a fun-loving trio's travels around Hakone, illustrated by ukiyoe artist Keisai Eisen. The novel suggests that it was around this time that touring hot springs became a popular pastime.
Utagawa Hiroshige I (1797-1858), one of the most popular ukiyoe artists and painters at the time, later experienced the joy of soaking after a long journey and was inspired to create a series of woodblocks. After a month-and-a-half tour around the Edo region with three male and female companions in 1851, he gathered what he had drawn along the way.
The following year, he produced woodblock prints showing seven rustic hot-spring villages in Hakone, adding to the canon of onsen imagery -- and helping to further spread the word to the masses.
Monday, 8 December 2014

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相依缘起
问：何谓相依缘起？
答：人在心识中先有一个概念，然后用名言将这概念表达，就成为“名言有”，如一个人的名字。因为我们觉得概念真实，所以便认肯，方便认为“名言有”真实。
这个问题实际上出在相依缘起上。心识与对境相依而成立，即心识依对境而起功能，对境依心识而成显现(显现为心识所分别、所认知的状态)。
业因有：一切由名言概念表达的事物，无非都只是因缘和合而成，所以这一切法，是由因缘而成为有的。
而相依是所谓因缘与因缘所生果(法)，彼此相依而成立。由有果法才有因缘之名，便恰如由有子而后始有父名。因此，若将“业因有”的果法与成立它的因缘，放在“相依缘”起来观察的话，那便依就是由名言而成立，因缘的果法相依而成立的亦无非是名言，这就是相依缘起。
相依缘起的观修，只要我们找到依因而缘的因是名言，那么因缘和合的果自然也是名言，所以这里能证名言有，则证现量即是空了。因为前一次第已将“业因有”。证成了“名言空”。
于因、于缘或于因缘(和合)中先已有果法的自性，那就不能说生起，因为已有即非新生；若本来无果法自性，亦不能说能生起，因为既本无，焉能生起呢？尚若说“亦有亦无、非有非无”，那也不得先起，因为有与无、非有与非无，都是互相违反的状态，果法的自性不能于这状态中生起。这就是“业因”的实际观修。
以相依缘起的层面说，无生、无住、无灭(生无住灭无)，是由“业因有”无自性而证成的，而生、住、灭等现象，则已超越名言与业因，变成由相依而成立——我们称之为“相依有”。只有这样的建立，修行者在观修时，才能观察止观的所缘境。
一切对境皆依心识而变现，心识则依对境而起分别，这才是相依缘起所现证的决抉。所以在观修境界中，是“无分别影像所缘境”亦是加行道上的寂止。这时无论内识与对境都不须加以分别，行人所观证的只是二者的“相依而成有”，而非任何细节。
唯识观就是在这个层面上的修证，所谓“一切唯心造”。同在这层面上，如果不超越唯识、唯心，就永远落于相依缘起，所以弥勒瑜伽行与华严宗都不以唯识或唯心为止境。
因为“一切唯心造”，其实是成立“相依有”(由心造成的有)；“心识变观”，亦是成立“相依有(由识变观出来的有)。当这样成立时，也同时成立了“因缘有”的空性，因为一切说是由因缘而生的果法，无非“心造”无非“识变”，因缘在这时就已经被超越了。
“因缘和合”并不能证成“和合”出来的事物没有自性。假如“因”有自性、缘有自性，由二者和合出来的事物也一定有自性，所以使先证成因法与缘法都无自性。
由“因缘和合”而无自性，只是由因、由缘、由因缘和合三种情况，都无生起果法自性的可能，从而说果法无自性。所以说：“因缘和合”就等于同时说果法无自性，那只是认知者自己的结论，倘若如是笼统的观修，则连资粮道都不可得入门。
这一段的意思是说心体本为无，而心识即无始都来的业习(又称为业因对境的事物)“名言有”。因“名言有”是离于事物本来自性而附加的，所以“业因有”的有也不实存在。其业因有对境“名言有”的和合因缘也不实存在实有，皆是心识的作用，而非心本体。心是不受任何染垢的，光明者，此光明恒许朗照，“不生不灭、不垢不净、不增不减”。
既是依存，就没有自性，这也是笼统的概念。既然有子，其来源一定有母，所否定的只是母，这个所谓的母即是名言有自性，并不能因此就说那个叫做母亲的女人没有自性。所以，外境依心识而变现，也只能说明我们看出来的对境，则由心识分别而生起的行相，并不足以说明外境事物的本身没有自性，所以，还须要进一步的观修证这个无自性。一谈到抉择(如因缘和合)，就同时决定了(如和合就自然无自性，相依就自然无自性)，那在抉择而后观修，观修而后现证的过程中，观修根本已无立足之处。倘若持这态度说空性，恐怕也只能停留在概念的层面上。
在相依缘起之中，所证成的是“相依有”，并不是“相依是无自性”，它只证成“相依”所以“业因有”无自性。
归结起来讲，是这样的次第：抉择——观修——决定。这是我们学经论的脉络，不依这样的脉络，恐怕学习经论只是学习了一些名言与概念，看似懂了，实际上还是不能参究。
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问：什么是相碍缘起？
答：相碍缘起是入不二法门的阶梯，不二法门是佛法的究竟。
在相碍缘起中，将一切法都看成是在无限中成立。我们的心识受局限，外境一切事物也受局限，所以内外一切行相都是在适应局限的条件下成立，无有例外。
由这样的适应局限而成立，佛都称为任运。任运并非任意运作，只是在任何局限中都能生起的意思，所以离相碍无所谓任运，说任运就承认了有相碍。
问：为什么四重缘起中，相碍缘起是最高缘起，名为甚深缘起？
答：相碍包括了相对，因为互相对待就是相碍，如轮回界与涅槃界相对，可以看成是轮回的局限妨碍了涅槃、湿槃的条件妨碍了轮回；又如阿赖耶与如来藏，像轮回与涅槃二界的情况一样。阿赖耶的状态不成为如来藏，如来藏的状态也不成为阿赖耶，即彼此相碍。
相碍包括相依。因为事物彼此依存而成立，依存关系即事物生起的局限。
心识与外境相依，也其实是相碍，心识对外境作分别，即须依外境而成分别的范围，因此限识只能分别形色，耳识只能分别声音。外境依心识而变现，所谓变现，便即是外境依人的心理状态而成立。
相碍包括业因，因为在“因缘和合”中，因、缘与和合，三者缺一不可，这三者便是果法的局限。所以说一切法由“因缘和合”而生，实也可以说为一切法受因、缘与和合相碍。
在四重缘起中，只有相碍缘起包含其他三重缘起，但这并不是承认其他三重缘起为有自性，恰恰相反，是为了否定其缘起为有自性的实法。
相依缘起包括业因有，在超越的同时否定了业因有有自性。修证相对缘起，主要是观修阿赖耶与如来藏的相对由相对否定相依有，所以说可离杂染相，所以才有可能去现证本初的清净心识，所以一切杂染，是相对而生起的染法。
问：相对有中不能证成阿赖耶如来藏的实相，那么本来清净的心识一旦受杂染，心识是否因此改变了性质，不能再显现为清净相呢？这些杂染虽无自性，但它到底是什么性质的？否定相依有，只是否定被染，到底是什么东西被染呢？
答：在相对缘起中，这问题未得到解决，只是说，此中非有依在被染的体的染色，只是相对的状态(境界)，因此无染可离(不须将看起来是被染的色遣除)。
这是因为心识虽然受杂染，而其法尔清净的性质则从未改变，因此说，“心性本净，客尘所染”，所染的只是过客一般的尘垢，因此对本净的心性没有根本性的影响。因为所谓客尘有如月上的阴影、天上的云，阴历十五月影散去，我们便见到了光明圆月了，而暂时我们认为的杂染、阴影、浮云就是所谓相碍了，这里的杂染实并非是染，而是碍。所以见道上的修证，便不是“离诸杂染”，而只是认识这些暂时在我们认识上的相碍，此碍不必去除，因为本不存在，更无实际蔽障真如本性。
见道所现证，即是不增不减。如《心经》中云：“是诸法空相、不生不灭、不垢不净、不增不减，是故空中无色。”
我们修行的实际问题是如何心识清净。起初，将问题归于业因(是因为众生俱先无明，执著能所二取相，造种种业，而不见本来真如佛性，生死轮回)一切是由业力为因而令我们心识不净；后是将问题归于杂染，令心识不净的是染(熏习)而不是有自性的业因有，接下来再将问题归于相碍，如幻影，就根本连遣除都不需要，因为光明生处、黑暗自然同时消失，须要现证的只是心性的光明，所以一切修证、非灭、非离、非断，只是现证心识的本净光明相。如同宁玛派大圆满的见、修、行、果的理趣是：“无修无证、无破无立、无取无舍”，“一切法在菩提心中本来具足圆满。”
见道上的初地菩萨的初证真如，只是初证，只是初见圆明光，未许朗照，此时的阿赖耶识只是初初的安住，一时不起分别作用，一有风吹草动，无始劫来阿赖耶识的业力习气又会翻起。
修道上九个地位的菩萨，所修称为“离碍”，即是修证如何恒许朗照的圆明光源头，即月光圆相，至佛地，就无所谓初一、十五之夜了。到了圆明光恒许朗照，由证智光明在法界光明中无余显现(穷尽光明显现)，一切法大平等性无有分别、无有障碍，阿赖耶识转识成智、阿赖耶成如来藏，法身与法界一体无离合，大悲光辉周遍法界即如来藏，随缘众生利益有情，示现种种，同时成就报、化二身。
菩萨离于相碍，实也无离于什么，因为阴影、浮云本无实性，实蔽障不住心性光明，所以若执碍为实碍，则菩萨反而不能离碍，因为执著就即是心识的障碍。
问：最根本的相碍是时间与空间的局限。我们生存在一度时间的世界，时间的运动有如直线，因此时光一去永不回头，那么两度时间的世界应该是什么样呢？
答：这些问题是我们打破一切有相执著，应多思考的。因为如果时间可以反转，时间与空间相依，我们今天看到的时间，如果是相对的，时间与空间就不是同步运动了，修持的观想、感悟又会是什么样呢？
这些问题深入思考了，对于你的修持解脱是有大帮助的，因为知道时空相碍为根本相碍，就明白为什么要建立相碍缘起了。若无此重缘起，见道上的修行者便始终受时空相碍，而不能现证如来藏周遍的境界，修道上的行人便更没有修行所依的基础。
以上概略地介绍了一下四重缘起。下面我们依四重缘起再回来理解《心经》中的经文和观修般若，就会更进一步的深入了。
学习观修般若须深入“大乘起信论”，特别是通过四重缘起。
《心经》云：“不生不灭、不垢不净”，即无生无灭无垢无离垢。
无生无灭，不是说一切法不生起，不坏灭，只是说一切法的相可以呈现出生灭现象，可是这些现象，其实是无相(并无所谓生灭相)。
所以由决定“无相”来现证无生无灭，是加行道上行人的第一重寂止，又即无生法忍。
问：什么是加行道的寂止，为什么必须寂止，而不是观呢？
答：因为这时已得“空性无相”的决定，且以此决定为基础来修证，一切法都空性相，那就不必再加以分别(由分别而决定空性无相，是资粮道行人的修证)。
在这个加行位上的修持，密乘中有“生起次第法”(包含生起次第与圆满次第)，在这里不做具体介绍。加行道上行人的第二重寂止，是修证“无垢无离垢”。这一重寂止，已经超越相依缘起，进入相对缘起的层面。相对缘起称为深缘起法，所以在这里不做详细介绍，只须说明，在唯识学中，相对缘起也名依他，因为凡相对法都有自与他的分别。所以研究唯识学，不可将依他只看成是笼统的对待，因为对待也有不同的对待，若不知此差别，就很难理解一些经论。
垢也是相，这些杂染与障碍，相对于本体而言，才可以称为垢。
在相依缘起中，说众生的心识起作用时，恒常执持名言概念，这名言概念便是外加于事物的垢，也可以说是心识的垢。
加行道上所修证的两重寂止，当修证“无生灭”时，主要以外境所缘，但当修证“无垢无离垢”时，主要的所缘境恰是我们自己的心识。
由于“无垢无离垢”因此诸佛并非否定阿赖耶，肯定如来藏，更没有将如来藏看成是一个实体(具有真实体性)。同时，假如行者执持著“离垢”来修证，如行者执著于空性来修证，这种执空的心理便也是垢，因为空也无非是，外加于事物之上的概念(事物的实相无可说，是故才加一个空的概念去形容)。所以能够无垢无离垢，行者才可以说是证中道，也即既不偏向于垢的一边，也不偏于离垢的边来认识事物的本来。
如来藏并不是一种虚无的心理状态，它只是自然而然的离垢心识，其中对离垢也不执持。加行道上的修行应修证的，便是现证这种心识境界。
加行道上的行人开始进入这种境界，便开始登上一条漫长的旅途，其地便是，现证佛智。
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相对缘起
在名言概念中，一切法虽心识而成立其有，进一步观察是于相对概念中成立其为有，所以事物的有无非是由心境相依而成立，是概念上的相对而成立的。
外境所谓与内识，彼此相依，但实际上所谓内识，我们实指内分别而起的心识行相。因此分别才是生起一切法的根源。所谓一切法，包括外境识境中的行相。如眼看到一棵树，耳听鸟鸣都是眼、耳与意识同时作用、分别作用，对境显现出来的树、鸟鸣。由于分别，所以一切法就落于相对，比量即有好坏、大小、美丑、善恶、香臭，等等。而这种分别比较则是相依相对原始成为比较，即一切法都由相对而成立，所以，世间一切法都分别相对而成微细到无穷尽，而广义的范围，也不过是将法界分成相对的轮回与涅槃界。
范围不广也不狭，就是我们自己的内心世界。观修即是对内心世界作观察，因此不广不狭的范围是作观察的最适宜范围。观修中，最重要的无非是清净与杂染两个相对的境界，确切地说，是心识不受杂染与心识受杂染两种境界。相对而言，前者名为如来藏，后者名阿赖耶。
问：阿赖耶是阿赖耶识吗？
答：阿赖耶不是阿赖耶识，而是成立阿赖耶识的基础和载体，这是宁玛派一个很重要的教法。如果将阿赖耶与阿赖耶识混淆，有许多法门都无法修证。
问：阿赖耶与阿赖耶识有何不同？
答：阿赖耶是一个境界、一种状态、一个相，而阿赖耶识不是相，是一种功能，唯识学将此功能称为“受熏持种”，阿赖耶识既受熏习，又能持种子。
问：如来藏是什么？什么是空如来藏、不空如来藏？
答：如来藏是一个境界。凡夫的心识受杂染，有业、惑、苦三种杂染，因此受障碍；而圣者的智境不受杂染，离诸障碍，这个智境便是如来藏。
空如来藏是由修证而转起的智境，是转识成智。智如三身五智的智，是圣者的心理状态。
不空如来藏是法，即原始本来状态，本来如此，自然而然，不由修证而成就，自性、法性、大平等性三自解脱，本自解脱，本来实相。
问：如来藏与阿赖耶是怎样的一种关系？
答：如来藏与阿赖耶相对。在相对缘起中，是相上的相对，即相对状态。由修证、心识便可以由受杂染转为不受杂染，这是现证如来藏的过程，又称熏习的过程。
唯识学认为熏习一定是阿赖耶识中的种子受熏习而后起现行，而《大乘起信论》中讲没有种子，是故不能受熏，因此唯识学认为这是违反唯识，不承认一心二门，不承认由此而建立的如来藏。
龙树菩萨建立相对缘起，指出它跟相依缘起有两点不同之处：一是凡相依的法，一定同时成立，而相对的二法则可不同时成立。二是凡相依的二法，一定不可离异，若离异则知不相依的关系，而相对的二法，则可以离异而成立。
阿赖耶是轮回涅槃的所依。阿赖耶是惑，业风是业，生起阿赖耶识且随生于七识，所以成立一切轮回法，即是苦，但它并实体，只是一个有如昏睡的境界，有如瓶中顽空的境界，境界中依然有业在作用。
修持离昏睡境，离顽空境而遣除业风，使其不起作用，这便是如来藏。离昏睡境靠法身光明。法身即本体明分，离顽空境即现分，离一切业即空分，此是证悟佛的境界。
如来藏是现证的境界，于修现观证时法尔呈现，所以不须研究。阿赖耶不同，它是生死的根本，所以要通达它的有机理。佛三转*轮时说法相、唯识、如来藏，是为了让我们了知生死的原因。
修观心般若最重要的是遣除阿赖耶的杂染熏习。许多修持者往往在阿赖耶识的识上下功夫，在善恶比量上下功夫，但不知观修的核心是从阿赖耶上遣除杂染，业风之根清净了，识不过是一种境界，识自然依清净根显现为清净智境。
问：如何清净阿赖耶？
答：不受杂染是关键。在《中论·观染染者品》中，龙树菩萨用三重破法，来证成染法与染者有实自性：一是相依缘起破业因有，二是相对缘起破相依有，三是相碍缘起破相对有。
在破立过程中，相对缘起既为能破相依有，也为相碍缘起所破，是故在龙树菩萨的破立中成为关键。
染法与染者实相依而成立，因为离染法即无染者之名(诸法无我)，离染者无染法之名(诸行无常)。
由不能离异，所以成立相依有，即染与染者实非业因有(本来清净、自然智圆满无缺)，仅为相依关系而成为有。
这种依存关系也不真实，因为染法与染者二者不同时，相依有不能成立。依染法与染者的相依无有真实皆是相对的，这样依相对有而破相依有，相对有其实不究竟。
修持者在资粮道和加行道上，心识一定是阿赖耶状态，即心识可受杂染。事实上，人生活在世间受贪嗔痴的影响，贪嗔痴呈现出来也无非是同一个行相，因此是一个与心识相依的境相。
问：修学中，贪嗔痴的杂染欲无有了结，与之相依的心识如何得清净呢？心识不断，进入中阴也不会断，如此心识恒常不断，此心识所缘一切境又分别杂染阿赖耶识，修持如何真实清净呢？
答：所以唯识学建立的自证分，中观是不承认的，因为自证分就是相依有，所以中观称为“依他自证分”(这个“依他”)是唯识的道名言。倘如不否定这相依有，上面提出的问题则不能得到解决。
由否定相依有为实自性，问题就可以解决。在相对缘起中，成立相对有，同时成立相依有无自性，即心识与对境的相依为无自性，所以无须为心境相依、恒受杂染而不知所措。无自性的心识缘无自性的杂染相，所以心识本来未受杂染，即是心本净，是一切众生具足的佛性，是如来藏。
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Saturday, 6 December 2014
Portugal, Spain and Morocco
Portugal, Spain and Morocco
Lisbon and harbor from the hills | Photographer: Jose Manuel
Portugal, Spain and Morocco—three glorious countries rich in history and culture! You’ll have overnights in Lisbon, Seville, Rabat, Marrakesh, Fez, Tangier, Granada, Costa del Sol, and Madrid. Highlights include a special lunch at Rick's Cafe Americain in Casablanca, a Four Wheel Drive through the dunes in the heart of the Sahara desert, oases and much more. The Prado Museum in Madrid is sure to delight art lovers with its 8,000 pieces of Western painting. An optional 3 night extension to Barcelona by AVE train from Barcelona completes your visit to Iberia.
The 17 days/16 nights tour begins in Lisbon and ends in Madrid. With the optional extension to Barcelona, he tour is 20 days/19 nights beginning in Lisbon and ending in Barcelona. If interested please ask us about the Barcelona extension additional cost.
The 17 days/16 nights tour begins in Lisbon and ends in Madrid. With the optional extension to Barcelona, he tour is 20 days/19 nights beginning in Lisbon and ending in Barcelona. If interested please ask us about the Barcelona extension additional cost.
Itinerary
Day 1 Arrival in Lisbon, Portugal
Welcome to Lisbon! Meet your Tour Director and traveling companions for a welcome dinner at your hotel. (Dinner)Day 2 Lisbon
Morning sightseeing tour of Lisbon whose roots began as a Phoenician trading center 3000 years ago. Portugal is one of Europe's oldest countries with borders virtually unchanged for 800 years. Portugal began its Age of Discovery with expeditions by Vasco da Gama, Pedro Alvares Cabral who discovered Brazil, the circumnavigation of the world by Magellan (real name Magalhaes) among many. Your Lisbon tour with a Local Guide features a walk through the cobblestone alleys of the quaint ALFAMA, the popular quarter of the seamen and Fado singers, a stop at the Belem Tower guarding the mouth of the Tejo river, The Monument to the Discoveries and a visit to the JERONIMOS MONASTERY with the tomb of Vasco da Gama. Optional excursions to Sintra and the royal palace of Queluz, and a dinner with Fado-style entertainment are available. (Breakfast)Day 3 Lisbon-Azeitao-Seville, Spain
Depart Lisbon this moring on your journey to Spain. In Azeitao, visit a traditional TILE WORKSHOP. Pass through the Alentejo region with its cork oaks, vineyards and olive groves before entering Spain and the vibrant capital of Andalusia, Seville. (Breakfast, Dinner)Day 4 Seville
During your sightseeing tour with a Local Guide, hear about the city's role in Roman times, its conquest by the Moors in 712 AD, and its contribution to the discovery of the New World. Admire Maria Luisa Park, the Golden Tower on the Guadalquivir River, and the university that used to be the tobacco factory of Carmen fame. Then, stroll through the narrow lanes of the charming SANTA CRUZ QUARTER. Highlight is a visit to the ALCAZAR, founded in the 11th century as a Moorish fortress, with its Palacio de Don Pedro. For those interested, an optional extended guided visit to the cathedral is available. Tonight, for a truly Andalusian night out, reserve a seat at our optional Flamenco show (Breakfast)Day 5 Seville-Algeciras-Rabat, Morocco
Travel through the sherry wine region of Jerez to Algeciras and enjoy a FERRY RIDE across the Strait of Gibraltar to Morocco. Along North Africa's infamous Barbary Coast to Rabat, once a lair of the corsairs and now the country's capital. (Breakfast, Dinner)Day 6 Rabat-Casablanca-Marrakesh
Sightseeing with a Local Guide focuses on the massive medieval battlements, the Royal Palace, MOHAMMED V MAUSOLEUM, Hassan Tower, and the Kasbah of Oudaias. Visit the fine ROMAN RELICS OF CHELLAH. Then, continue to Casablanca, Morocco's modern seaport. A Special Lunch has been prepared at Rick's Cafe Americain, famous from the movie Casablanca. After lunch, continue to the oasis city of Marrakesh, arriving in the evening. (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)Day 7 Marrakesh
Follow your Local Guide to visit BAHIA PALACE, the 16th-century SAADIAN TOMBS (if closed, visit the BADIA PALACE instead), and to Djemaa El-Fna, the vibrant town center dominated by the 222-foot-high Koutoubia Minaret. Afternoon at leisure. An exciting optional evening excursion is available. (Breakfast)Day 8 Marrakesh-Ait ben Haddou-Ouarzazate
Today, travel to Morocco's Hollywood, Ouarzazate, deep in the desert and immortalized through moves like Lawrence of Arabia and Star Wars. (Breakfast, Dinner)Day 9 Ouarzazate-Erfoud (sand dune excursion)
A fascinating drive through the desert via Dades Valley with its oases filled with olives, dates and figs. Then, head through Morocco's Grand Canyon, Todra Gorge, to Erfoud in the heart of the Sahara. A special treat awaits: A spectacular FOUR WHEEL DRIVE through the sand dunes. Admire the unforgettable and romantic sunset before heading back to your hotel to savor a typical Moroccan dinner. (Breakfast, Dinner)Day 10 Erfoud-Fez
Enjoy the last views of the desert and turn northwest. Stop in Er Rachidia, originally built as a French settlement, and travel via the Ziz Gorges and Middle Atllas mountains to Fez, the former capital but sill the spiritual and artistic center of the country. (Breakfast, Dinner)Day 11 Fez
See the magnificent entrance to the Royal Palace, drive through the Mellah, the old Jewish quarter and travel on to Bab Bou Jelour, the traditional entrance to Old Fez. Your local quide will lead you through the labyrinthine MEDINA and MEDERSA Bou INANIA. (Breakfast)Day 12 Fez-Tangier-Costa del Sol
Arrive in Tangier, the jumping-off point for the Moorish conquest of Spain and enjoy an orientation of the busy seaport. Board the ferry for the trip back to Europe. Continue to the elegant Costa del Sol where you will stay for 2 nights in the pretty resort of Marbella. (Breakfast)Day 13 Costa del Sol
A day at leisure or join a morning optional excursion to the Rock of Gibraltar, in British hands since 1704. (Breakfast)Day 14 Costa del Sol-Granada
Leave the Mediterranean coast and arrive in Granada. A guided walking tour features a visit to the ALHAMBRA COMPLEX, a fantasy of "lace in stone" surrounded by arabesque gardens and fountains, with superb views of the Old Quarter and Sacromonte. Also visit the WATER GARDENS OF THE GENERALIFE. This evening, enjoy dinner with wine at a local restaurant. (Breakfast, Dinner)Day 15 Granada-Toledo-Madrid
Enjoy a scenic drive via Don Quixote's La Mancha to Toledo. A Local Guide takes you to the Moorish bridge, an early SYNAGOGUE, the CATHEDRAL, and the CHURCH OF SANTO TOMÉ with one of El Greco's most famous paintings. Visit a DAMASCENE STEEL WORKSHOP before returning to Madrid. (Breakfast)Day 16 Madrid
Morning guided sightseeing features the Puerta del Sol, Plaza de España with its monument to Cervantes, the Parliament, and more. Highlight is a visit to the PRADO MUSEUM. Afternoon at leisure or join an optional excursion to El Escorial. Tonight is a special Farewell Dinner of Paella with wine. (Breakfast, Dinner)Day 17 Madrid
Your vacation ends with breakfast this morning. Or continue to Barcelona. (Breakfast)Barcelona Extension:
Prices shown below do not include this extension. Please contact us for additional pricing.Day 17 Madrid-Barcelona
You will be transported from Madrid to Barcelona by high-speed AVE train, arriving in the late afternoon. (Breakfast in Madrid prior to departure)Day 18 Barcelona
Morning sightseeing tour included a visit to PARK GUELL and the SAGRADA FAMILIA BASILICA. (Breakfast)Day 19 Barcelona
A day at leisure to enjoy the city. A local host will be happy to suggest options. (Breakfast)Barcelona
Your vacation ends at check out this morning. (Breakfast)Hotels (or similar)
- Lisbon Mundial (F),
- Sevilla Center (SF),
- Rabat Belere (F),
- Marrakesh Es Saadi (SF),
- Ouarzazate Le Berbere Palace (SF),
- Erfound Kasbah Chergui (SF),
- Fez - Barcelo Fez Medina (F),
- Costa Del Sol - Fuerte Miramar Spa (D),
- Granada Saray (SF),
- Madrid Husa Princesa (SF)
- Barcelona (extension to tour) Catalonia Ramblas (SF)
2015 Prices and Dates
- Prices in US dollars are PER PERSON in double occupany rooms/twin share. Airfare is not included. Please contact us for airfare quote.- Prices shown are for tour ending in Madrid. Please contact us for prices with Barcelona extension.
| Departure Details | Tour Start Date | Return Date | Land/Cruise Price Only |
|---|---|---|---|
| Popular Departure | 4/10/2015 | 4/26/2015 | $3,399.00 |
| 4/17/2015 | 5/3/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| Popular Departure | 4/24/2015 | 5/10/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| 5/1/2015 | 5/17/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| Popular Departure | 5/8/2015 | 5/24/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| 5/15/2015 | 5/31/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| Popular Departure | 5/22/2015 | 6/7/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| Popular Departure | 5/29/2015 | 6/14/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| Popular Departure | 6/5/2015 | 6/21/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| 6/12/2015 | 6/28/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| 6/19/2015 | 7/5/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| 6/26/2015 | 7/12/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| 7/3/2015 | 7/19/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| 7/10/2015 | 7/26/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| 7/17/2015 | 8/2/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| Popular Departure | 7/24/2015 | 8/9/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| 7/31/2015 | 8/16/2015 | $3,419.00 | |
| 8/7/2015 | 8/23/2015 | $3,419.00 | |
| 8/14/2015 | 8/30/2015 | $3,419.00 | |
| Popular Departure | 8/21/2015 | 9/6/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| 8/28/2015 | 9/13/2015 | $3,449.00 | |
| Popular Departure | 9/4/2015 | 9/20/2015 | $3,519.00 |
| Popular Departure | 9/11/2015 | 9/27/2015 | $3,519.00 |
| Popular Departure | 9/18/2015 | 10/4/2015 | $3,519.00 |
| 9/25/2015 | 10/11/2015 | $3,519.00 | |
| Popular Departure | 10/2/2015 | 10/18/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| Popular Departure | 10/9/2015 | 10/25/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| Popular Departure | 10/16/2015 | 11/1/2015 | $3,449.00 |
| 10/23/2015 | 11/8/2015 | $3,399.00 |
Barcelona Extension
Day 17:
Madrid to Barcelona by high-speed AVE train.Day 18:
Morning guided sightseeing tour includes visits to CASA BATLLO and SAGRADA FAMILIA BASILICADay 19:
Day at leisure in BarcelonaDay 20:
Hotel check out after breakfast.Pricing details
- Airfare from your home city available with this tour. Please inquire about fares.
- Single Supplement: $793.00
- Triple room deduction: $60.00 per person
- Extra nights per person in Lisbon: Single $155.00; Twin $90.00; Triple $79.00
- Extra nights per person in Madrid: Single $187.00; Twin $112.00; Triple $99.00
- 4 days/3 nights extension to Barcelona: Please contact us for prices.
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